{"id":3389,"date":"2017-08-15T04:26:27","date_gmt":"2017-08-15T09:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=3389"},"modified":"2017-08-18T08:35:05","modified_gmt":"2017-08-18T13:35:05","slug":"what-i-believe-ii-ft-sarah-constantin-and-stacey-jeffery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=3389","title":{"rendered":"What I believe II (ft. Sarah Constantin and Stacey Jeffery)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Unrelated Update:<\/b> To everyone who keeps asking me about the &#8220;new&#8221; P\u2260NP proof: I&#8217;d again bet $200,000 that the <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.03486\">paper<\/a> won&#8217;t stand, except that the <a href=\"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=456\">last time<\/a> I tried that, it didn&#8217;t achieve its purpose, which was to get people to stop asking me about it. So: please stop asking, and if the thing hasn&#8217;t been refuted by the end of the week, you can come back and tell me I was a closed-minded fool.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">In my post &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=3376\">The Kolmogorov Option<\/a>,&#8221; I tried to step back from current controversies, and use history to reflect on\u00a0the broader question of how nerds should behave when their penchant for speaking unpopular truths collides head-on with their desire to be kind and decent\u00a0and charitable, and to be judged as such by their culture. \u00a0I was gratified to get positive feedback about this approach from men and women all over the ideological spectrum.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>However, a few people who I like and respect accused me of &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog-whistle_politics\">dogwhistling<\/a>.&#8221; They warned, in particular, that if I wouldn&#8217;t just come out and say what I thought about the James Damore Google memo thing, then people would assume the very worst&#8212;even though, of course, my friends themselves knew better.<\/p>\n<p>So in this post, I&#8217;ll come out and say what I think. \u00a0But first, I&#8217;ll do something even better: I&#8217;ll hand the podium over to two friends, Sarah Constantin and Stacey Jeffery, both of whom were kind enough to email me detailed thoughts\u00a0in response to my Kolmogorov post.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/sarah-constantin-ba71b02b\">Sarah Constantin<\/a> completed her PhD in math at Yale. I don&#8217;t think I&#8217;ve met her in person yet, but we have a huge number of mutual friends in the so-called &#8220;rationalist community.&#8221; \u00a0Whenever Sarah emails me about something I&#8217;ve written, I pay extremely close attention, because I have yet to read a single thing by her that wasn&#8217;t full of insight and good sense. \u00a0I strongly urge\u00a0anyone who likes her beautiful essay below\u00a0to check out her blog, which is called\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/srconstantin.wordpress.com\/\">Otium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sarah Constantin&#8217;s Commentary:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u2019ve had a women-in-STEM essay brewing in me for years, but I\u2019ve been reluctant to actually write publicly on the topic for fear of stirring up a firestorm of controversy. \u00a0On the other hand, we seem to be at a cultural inflection point on the issue, especially in the wake of the leaked <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/gizmodo.com\/exclusive-heres-the-full-10-page-anti-diversity-screed-1797564320\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google memo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and other people are already scared to speak out, so I think it\u2019s past time for me to put my name on the line, and Scott has graciously provided me a platform to do so.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u2019m a woman in tech myself. I\u2019m a data scientist doing machine learning for drug discovery at Recursion Pharmaceuticals, and before that I was a data scientist at Palantir. Before that I was a woman in math &#8212; I got my PhD from Yale, studying applied harmonic analysis. I\u2019ve been in this world all my adult life, and I obviously don\u2019t believe my gender makes me unfit to do the work.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u2019m also not under any misapprehension that I\u2019m some sort of exception. I\u2019ve been mentored by Ingrid Daubechies and Maryam Mirzakhani (the first female Fields Medalist, who died tragically young last month). \u00a0I\u2019ve been lucky enough to work with women who are far, far better than me. \u00a0There are a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lot <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of remarkable women in math and computer science &#8212; women just aren\u2019t the majority in those fields. But \u201cnot the majority\u201d doesn\u2019t mean \u201crare\u201d or \u201cunknown.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I even think diversity programs can be worthwhile. I went to the Institute for Advanced Studies\u2019 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.math.ias.edu\/wam\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women and Math Program<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which would be an excellent graduate summer school even if it weren\u2019t all-female, and taught at its sister program for high school girls, which likewise is a great math camp independent of the gender angle. There\u2019s a certain magic, if you\u2019re in a male-dominated field, of once in a while being in a room full of women doing math, and I hope that everybody gets to have that experience once. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But (you knew the \u201cbut\u201d was coming), I think the Google memo was largely correct, and the way people conventionally talk about women in tech is wrong.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s look at some of his claims. From the beginning of the memo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google\u2019s political bias has equated the freedom from offense with psychological safety, but shaming into silence is the antithesis of psychological safety.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This silencing has created an ideological echo chamber where some ideas are too sacred to be honestly discussed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The lack of discussion fosters the most extreme and authoritarian elements of this ideology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Extreme: all disparities in representation are due to oppression<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Authoritarian: we should discriminate to correct for this oppression<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Okay, so there\u2019s a pervasive assumption that any deviation from 50% representation of women in technical jobs is a.) due to oppression, and b.) ought to be corrected by differential hiring practices. I think it is basically <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">true <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that people<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">widely believe this, and that people can lose their jobs for openly contradicting it (as James Damore, the author of the memo, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/08\/07\/business\/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">did<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). \u00a0I have heard people I work with advocating hiring quotas for women (i.e. explicitly earmarking a number of jobs for women candidates only). \u00a0It\u2019s not a strawman.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Then, Damore disagrees with this assumption:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Differences in distributions of traits between men and women may in part explain why we don\u2019t have 50% representation of women in tech and leadership. Discrimination to reach equal representation is unfair, divisive, and bad for business.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, I agree with Damore. Note that this doesn\u2019t mean that I must believe that sexism against women isn\u2019t real and important (I\u2019ve heard enough horror stories to be confident that some work environments are toxic to women). \u00a0It doesn\u2019t even mean that I must be certain that the different rates of men and women in technical fields are due to genetics. \u00a0I\u2019m very far from certain, and I\u2019m not an expert in psychology. I don\u2019t think I can do justice to the science in this post, so I\u2019m not going to cover the research literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But I do think it\u2019s irresponsible to assume <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a priori<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that there are no innate sex differences that might explain what we see. \u00a0It\u2019s an empirical matter, and a topic for research, not dogma. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, I think discrimination on the basis of sex to reach equal representation is unfair and unproductive. \u00a0It\u2019s unfair, because it\u2019s not meritocratic. \u00a0You\u2019re not choosing the best human for the job regardless of gender.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I think women might actually <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">benefit <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from companies giving genuine meritocracy a chance. \u201cBlind\u201d auditions (in which the evaluator doesn\u2019t see the performer) gave women a<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/gap.hks.harvard.edu\/orchestrating-impartiality-impact-%E2%80%9Cblind%E2%80%9D-auditions-female-musicians\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> better chance <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of landing orchestra jobs; apparently, orchestras were prejudiced against female musicians, and the blinding canceled out that prejudice. Google\u2019s own research has <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/04\/hire-like-google\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actually shown<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that the single best predictor of work performance is a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">work sample<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8212; testing candidates with a small project similar to what they\u2019d do on the job. Work samples are easy to anonymize to reduce gender bias, and they\u2019re more effective than traditional interviews, where split-second first impressions usually decide who gets hired, but don\u2019t correlate at all with job performance. A number of tech companies have switched to work samples as part of their interview process. \u00a0I used work samples myself when I was hiring for a startup, just because they seemed more accurate at predicting who\u2019d be good at the job; entirely without intending to, I got a 50% gender ratio. \u00a0If you want to reduce gender bias in tech, it\u2019s worth at least <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">considering <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blinded hiring via work samples.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, thinking about \u201crepresentation\u201d in science and technology reflects underlying assumptions that I think are quite dangerous. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You expect interest groups to squabble over who gets a piece of the federal budget. In politics, people will band together in blocs, and try to get the biggest piece of the spoils they can. \u00a0\u201cWomen should get such-and-such a percent of tech jobs\u201d sounds precisely like this kind of politicking; women are assumed to be a unified bloc who will vote together, and the focus is on what size chunk they can negotiate for themselves. If a tech job (or a university position) were a cushy sinecure, a ticket to privilege, and nothing more, you might reasonably ask \u201chow come some people get more goodies than others? Isn\u2019t meritocracy just an excuse to restrict the goodies to your preferred group?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Again, this is not a strawman. Here\u2019s one <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/the-big-idea\/2017\/8\/11\/16130452\/google-memo-women-tech-biology-sexism\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vox response to the memo<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> stating explicitly that she believes women are a unified bloc:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The manifesto\u2019s sleight-of-hand delineation between \u201cwomen, on average\u201d and the actual living, breathing women who have had to work alongside this guy failed to reassure many of those women \u2014 and failed to reassure me. That\u2019s because the manifesto\u2019s author overestimated the extent to which women are willing to be turned against their own gender.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Speaking for myself, it doesn\u2019t matter to me how soothingly a man coos that I\u2019m not like most women, when those coos are accompanied by misogyny against most women. I am a woman. I do not stop being one during the parts of the day when I am practicing my craft. There can be no realistic chance of individual comfort for me in an environment where others in my demographic categories (or, really, any protected demographic categories) are subjected to skepticism and condescension.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">She can\u2019t be comfortable unless <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">everybody in any protected demographic category <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8212; note that this is a legal, governmental category &#8212; is given the benefit of the doubt? \u00a0That\u2019s a pretty collectivist commitment!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Or, look at Piper Harron, an assistant professor in math who blogged on the American Mathematical Society\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.ams.org\/inclusionexclusion\/2017\/05\/11\/get-out-the-way\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">website<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that universities should simply \u201cstop hiring white cis men\u201d, and explicitly says \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are on a hiring committee, and you are looking at applicants and you see a stellar white male applicant, think long and hard about whether your department needs another white man. You are not hiring a researching robot who will output papers from a dark closet. You are hiring an educator, a role model, a spokesperson, an advisor, a committee person &#8230;\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is no objectivity. There is no meritocracy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Piper Harron reflects an extreme, of course, but she\u2019s explicitly saying, on America\u2019s major communication channel for and by mathematicians, that whether you get to work in math should not be based on whether you\u2019re actually good at math. For her, it\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">all <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">politics. \u00a0Life itself is political, and therefore a zero-sum power struggle between groups. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But most of us, male or female, didn\u2019t fall in love with science and technology for that. Science is the mission to explore and understand our universe. Technology is the project of expanding human power to shape that universe. What we do towards those goals will live longer than any \u201cprotected demographic category\u201d, any nation, any civilization. \u00a0We know how the Babylonians mapped the stars.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Women deserve an equal chance at a berth on the journey of exploration not because they form a political bloc but because <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">some of them are discoverers <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and can contribute to the human mission.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maybe, in a world corrupted by <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rent-seeking\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rent-seeking<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the majority of well-paying jobs have some element of unearned privilege; perhaps almost all of us got at least part of our salaries by indirectly expropriating someone who had as good a right to it as us. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But that\u2019s not a good thing, and that\u2019s not what we hope for science and engineering to be, and I truly believe that this is not the inevitable fate of the human race &#8212; that we can only squabble over scraps, and never create. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I\u2019ve seen creation, and I\u2019ve seen discovery. I know they\u2019re real.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I care a lot more about whether my company achieves its goal of curing 100 rare diseases in 10 years than about the demographic makeup of our team. \u00a0We have an <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">actual mission<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; we are trying to do something beyond collecting spoils. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do I rely on brilliant work by other women every day? I do. My respect for myself and my female colleagues is not incompatible with <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">primarily caring about the mission<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Am I \u201cturning against my own gender\u201d because I see women as individuals first? I don\u2019t think so. We\u2019re half the human race, for Pete\u2019s sake! We\u2019re diverse. We disagree. We\u2019re human.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you think of \u201cwomen-in-STEM\u201d as a talking point on a political agenda, you mention Ada Lovelace and Grace Hopper in passing, and move on to talking about quotas. \u00a0When you think of women as individuals, you start to notice how <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genuinely foundational advances were made by women &#8212; just in my own field of machine learning, Adele Cutler co-invented random forests, Corrina Cortes co-invented support vector machines, and Fei Fei Li created the famous ImageNet benchmark dataset that started a revolution in image recognition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a child, my favorite book was Carl Sagan\u2019s <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contact<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a novel about Ellie Arroway, an astronomer loosely based on his wife Ann Druyan. The name is not an accident; like the title character in Sinclair Lewis\u2019 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arrowsmith<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Ellie is a truth-seeking scientist who battles corruption, anti-intellectualism, and blind prejudice. \u00a0Sexism is one of the challenges she faces, but the essence of her life is about wonder and curiosity. She\u2019s what I\u2019ve always tried to become.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I hope that, in seeking to encourage the world\u2019s Ellies in science and technology, we remember why we\u2019re doing that in the first place. I hope we remember humans are explorers.<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s\u00a0hear from another friend who wrote to me recently, and who has a slightly\u00a0different take. \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.cwi.nl\/~jeffery\/\">Stacey Jeffery<\/a> is a quantum computing theorist at one of my favorite research centers, CWI in Amsterdam. \u00a0She completed her PhD at University of Waterloo, and has done wonderful\u00a0work on quantum query complexity and other topics close to my heart. \u00a0When I was being viciously attacked in the comment-171 affair, Stacey was one of the first people to send me a note of support, and I&#8217;ve never forgotten it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Stacey Jeffery&#8217;s Commentary<\/strong><\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<p>I don&#8217;t think Google was right to fire Damore. This makes me a minority among people with whom I have discussed this issue. \u00a0Hopefully some people come out in the comments in support of the other position, so it&#8217;s not just me presenting that view, but the main argument I encountered was that what he said just sounded way too sexist for Google to put up with. \u00a0I agree with part of that, it did sound sexist to me. \u00a0In fact it also sounded racist to me. But that&#8217;s not because he necessarily said anything actually sexist or actually racist, but because he said the kinds of things that you usually only hear from sexist people, and in particular, the kind of sexist people who are also racist. \u00a0I&#8217;m very unlikely to try to pursue further interaction with a person who says these kinds of things for those reasons, but I think firing him for what he said between the lines sets a very bad precedent. \u00a0It seems to me he was fired for associating himself with the wrong ideas, and it does feel a bit like certain subjects are not up for rational discussion. \u00a0If Google wants an open environment, where employees can feel safe discussing company policy, I don&#8217;t think this contributes to that. \u00a0If they want their employees, and the world, to think that they aim for diversity because it&#8217;s the most rational course of action to achieve their overall objectives, rather than because it serves some secret agenda, like maintaining a PC public image, then I don&#8217;t think they&#8217;ve served that cause either. \u00a0Personally, this irritates me the most, because I feel they have damaged the image for a cause I feel strongly about.<\/p>\n<p>My position is independent of the validity of Damore&#8217;s attempt at scientific argument, which is outside my area of expertise. \u00a0I personally don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s very productive for non-social-scientists to take authoritative positions on social science issues, especially ones that appear to be controversial within the field (but I say this as a layperson). \u00a0This may include some of the other commentary in this blog post, which I have not yet read, and might even extend to Scott&#8217;s decision to comment on this issue at all (but this bridge was crossed in the previous blog post). \u00a0However, I think one of the reasons that many of us do this is that the burden of solving the problem of too few women in STEM is often placed on us. \u00a0Some people in STEM feel they are blamed for not being welcoming enough to women (in fact, in my specific field, it&#8217;s my experience that the majority of people are very sympathetic). \u00a0Many scientific funding applications even ask applicants how they plan to address the issue of diversity, as if they should be the ones to come up with a solution for this difficult problem that nobody knows the answer to, and is not even within their expertise. \u00a0So it&#8217;s not surprising when these same people start to think about and form opinions on these social science issues. \u00a0Obviously, we working in STEM have valuable insight into how we might encourage women to pursue STEM careers, and we should be pushed to think about this, but we don&#8217;t have all the answers (and maybe we should remember that the next time we consider authoring an authoritative memo on the subject).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Scott&#8217;s Mansplaining\u00a0Commentary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;m incredibly grateful to Sarah and Stacey for sharing their views. \u00a0Now it&#8217;s time for me to mansplain my own thoughts in light of what they said. \u00a0Let me start with a seven-point\u00a0creed.<\/p>\n<p>1. I believe that science and engineering, both in academia and in industry, benefit enormously from contributions from people of every ethnic background and gender identity. \u00a0This sort of university-president-style banality shouldn&#8217;t even need to be said, but in a world where the President of the US\u00a0criticizes neo-Nazis only under extreme pressure from his own party, I suppose it does.<\/p>\n<p>2. I believe that there&#8217;s no noticeable difference in average ability between men and women in\u00a0STEM fields&#8212;or if there&#8217;s some small disparity, for all I know the advantage goes to women. I have enough <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheldon_Cooper\">Sheldon Cooper<\/a> in me that, if this hadn&#8217;t been\u00a0my experience, I&#8217;d probably let it slip that it hadn&#8217;t been, but it has\u00a0been. \u00a0When I taught 6.045 (undergrad computability and complexity) at MIT, women were only 20% or so of the students, but for whatever reasons they were wildly\u00a0overrepresented among the top\u00a0students.<\/p>\n<p>3. I believe that women in STEM face obstacles that men don&#8217;t. \u00a0These range from the sheer awkwardness of sometimes being the only woman in a room full of guys, to challenges related to pregnancy and childcare, to actual belittlement and harassment. \u00a0Note that, even if men in STEM fields are no more sexist on average than men in other fields&#8212;or are less\u00a0sexist, as one\u00a0might expect\u00a0from their generally socially liberal\u00a0views and attitudes&#8212;the mere fact of the gender imbalance means that women in STEM will have many more opportunities to be exposed to whatever sexists there are. \u00a0This puts a special burden on us to create a welcoming environment for women.<\/p>\n<p>4. Given that we know that gender gaps in interest and inclination appear early in life, I believe in doing anything we can to encourage girls&#8217; interest in STEM fields. \u00a0Trust me, my four-year-old daughter Lily wishes I <em>didn&#8217;t<\/em> believe so fervently in working with her every day on her math skills.<\/p>\n<p>5. I believe that gender diversity is valuable\u00a0in itself. \u00a0It&#8217;s just nicer, for men and women alike, to have a work environment with many people of both sexes&#8212;especially if (as is often the case in STEM) so much of our lives revolves around our work. \u00a0I think\u00a0that affirmative action for women, women-only scholarships and conferences, and other current efforts to improve gender diversity\u00a0can all be defended and supported on that ground alone.<\/p>\n<p>6. I believe that John Stuart Mill&#8217;s <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/27083\/27083-h\/27083-h.htm\">The Subjection of Women<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>is one of the masterpieces of history, possibly\u00a0the highest pinnacle\u00a0that\u00a0moral philosophy has ever reached. \u00a0Everyone should read it carefully and reflect on it if they haven&#8217;t already.<\/p>\n<p>7. I believe it&#8217;s a tragedy that the current holder of the US presidency is a confessed sexual predator, who&#8217;s\u00a0full of contempt not merely for feminism, but for essentially <em>every<\/em>\u00a0worthwhile human value. I believe those of us on the &#8220;pro-Enlightenment side&#8221;\u00a0now face the historic burden of\u00a0banding together to stop this thug\u00a0by every legal and peaceful means available. I believe that, whenever the &#8220;good guys&#8221; tear each other down in internecine warfare&#8212;e.g. &#8220;nerds vs. feminists&#8221;&#8212;it represents a wasted opportunity and an unearned victory for the enemies of progress.<\/p>\n<p>OK, now for the part that might blow some people&#8217;s minds. \u00a0I hold that every single belief above is compatible with what James Damore wrote in his now-infamous memo&#8212;at least, if we&#8217;re talking about the actual\u00a0words in it. \u00a0In some cases, Damore even makes the above\u00a0points himself. \u00a0In particular, there&#8217;s nothing in what he wrote\u00a0about female Googlers being less qualified on average than male Googlers, or being too neurotic to code, or <em>anything<\/em> like that: the question at hand\u00a0is just why there are\u00a0<em>fewer<\/em> women in these positions,\u00a0and that in turn becomes\u00a0a question about why there are\u00a0fewer women earlier in the CS pipeline. \u00a0Reasonable people\u00a0need not agree about the answers to those\u00a0questions, or regard them as known or obvious, to see that\u00a0the failure to make this one elementary\u00a0distinction, between quality and quantity, already condemns 95% of Damore&#8217;s attackers as not having read or understood what he wrote.<\/p>\n<p>Let that be the measure of just how terrifyingly efficient the social-media outrage machine has become\u00a0at twisting its victims&#8217;\u00a0words\u00a0to fit a clickbait\u00a0narrative&#8212;a phenomenon with which I\u00a0happen to be personally\u00a0acquainted. \u00a0Strikingly, it seems\u00a0not to make the slightest difference if\u00a0(as in this case) the <a href=\"https:\/\/firedfortruth.com\/\">original source text<\/a> is easily\u00a0available to everyone.<\/p>\n<p>Still,\u00a0while most coverage of Damore&#8217;s memo was depressing in its monotonous incomprehension, dissent\u00a0was by no means\u00a0confined to the right-wingers eager to recruit Damore to their side.\u00a0 Peter Singer&#8212;the legendary leftist moral philosopher, and someone whose fearlessness and consistency\u00a0I&#8217;ve always admired whether I&#8217;ve agreed with him or not&#8212;wrote a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/opinion\/google-wrong-article-1.3399750\">powerful condemnation<\/a> of Google&#8217;s decision to fire Damore. \u00a0Scott Alexander was <a href=\"http:\/\/slatestarcodex.com\/2017\/08\/07\/contra-grant-on-exaggerated-differences\/\">brilliant as usual<\/a>\u00a0in picking apart bad\u00a0arguments. \u00a0Megan McArdle <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/view\/articles\/2017-08-09\/as-a-woman-in-tech-i-realized-these-are-not-my-people\">drew on her experiences<\/a>\u00a0to illustrate some of Damore&#8217;s contentions. \u00a0Steven Pinker <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/sapinker\/status\/894930067918389249\">tweeted<\/a> that Damore&#8217;s firing &#8220;makes [the] job of anti-Trumpists harder.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Like Peter Singer, and also like Sarah Constantin and Stacey Jeffery above, I\u00a0have no plans to take any position on biological differences in\u00a0male and female inclinations and cognitive styles, and what role (if any) such\u00a0differences might play in 80% of Google engineers\u00a0being male&#8212;or, for that matter, what role they might play in 80% of graduating veterinarians now being female, or other striking gender gaps. \u00a0I decline to take a position not only because I&#8217;m not an expert, but also because, as Singer says, doing so <em>isn&#8217;t\u00a0necessary<\/em> to reach the right\u00a0verdict about Damore&#8217;s firing. \u00a0It suffices to note\u00a0that the basic thesis\u00a0being discussed&#8212;namely, that natural selection doesn&#8217;t\u00a0stop at the neck, and that it&#8217;s perfectly\u00a0plausible that it acted differently on women and men in ways that might\u00a0help explain many of the population-level\u00a0differences that we see today&#8212;can also be found in, for example,\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Blank-Slate-Modern-Penguin-Science\/dp\/014027605X\">The Blank Slate<\/a><\/em> by Steven Pinker, and other mainstream works by some of the\u00a0greatest thinkers\u00a0alive.<\/p>\n<p>And therefore I say: <strong>if James Damore deserves to be fired from Google, for treating evolutionary psychology as potentially relevant to social issues, then Steven Pinker deserves to be fired from Harvard for the same offense.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yes, I realize that an employee of a private company is different from a tenured professor. \u00a0But I don&#8217;t see why\u00a0it&#8217;s relevant here.\u00a0 For if someone really believes that mooting the hypothesis of an evolutionary reason for\u00a0average differences in cognitive styles between men and women, <em>is enough by itself<\/em> to create a hostile environment for women&#8212;well then, why should tenure be a bar to firing, any more than it is in cases of\u00a0sexual\u00a0harassment?<\/p>\n<p>But the reductio needn&#8217;t\u00a0stop there.\u00a0 It seems to me that, if Damore deserves to be fired, then so do the 56% of Googlers who <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailywire.com\/news\/19576\/survey-56-google-employees-opposed-firing-google-hank-berrien?utm_source=facebook&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_content=080817-news&amp;utm_campaign=dwbrand\">said in a poll that they opposed his firing<\/a>. \u00a0For isn&#8217;t that 56%\u00a0just as responsible for maintaining a hostile environment as Damore himself was? (And how would Google find out which employees opposed the firing? Well, if there&#8217;s any company on earth that could&#8230;) \u00a0Furthermore, after those 56% of Googlers are fired, any of the remaining 44% who think the 56% shouldn&#8217;t have been fired should be fired as well! \u00a0And so on iteratively, until only an ideologically reliable\u00a0core remains, which might or might not be the empty set.<\/p>\n<p>OK, but while the wider implications of Damore&#8217;s firing have frightened and depressed me all week, as I said, I depart from Damore\u00a0on the question of affirmative action and other diversity policies. \u00a0Fundamentally, what I want is a sort of negotiated agreement or bargain, between STEM nerds and the wider culture in which they live. \u00a0The agreement would work like this: STEM nerds do everything they can to foster\u00a0diversity, including by creating environments that are welcoming for women, and by supporting\u00a0affirmative action, women-only scholarships and conferences, and other diversity policies. \u00a0The STEM nerds also agree never to talk in public about possible cognitive-science explanations\u00a0for gender disparities in which careers\u00a0people choose, or overlapping bell curves, \u00a0or anything else potentially inflammatory. \u00a0In return, just two things:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Male STEM nerds don&#8217;t\u00a0regularly get libelled\u00a0as misogynist monsters, who must be scaring all the women away with their inherently gross, icky, creepy, discriminatory brogrammer maleness.<\/li>\n<li>The fields beloved by STEM nerds are suffered to continue to exist, rather than getting destroyed and rebuilt along explicitly ideological\u00a0lines, as already\u00a0happened with many humanities and social science fields.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>So in summary, neither side advances its theories about\u00a0the causes of gender gaps; both sides simply agree that there are more interesting topics to explore. \u00a0In concrete terms, the social-justice side gets to retain 100% of what\u00a0it has now, or maybe even expand it. \u00a0And <em>all<\/em> it has to offer\u00a0in exchange is &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6FOUqQt3Kg0\">R-E-S-P-E-C-T<\/a>&#8220;!\u00a0 Like, don&#8217;t\u00a0smear and shame\u00a0male nerds as a class, or nerdy disciplines themselves, for gender gaps that the male nerds would be as happy as\u00a0anybody to see eradicated.<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0trouble is that, fueled by outrage-fests on social media, I think\u00a0the social-justice side is currently failing to uphold its end\u00a0of this imagined bargain. \u00a0Nearly\u00a0every day the sun rises to yet another thinkpiece about the toxic\u00a0&#8220;bro culture&#8221; of Silicon Valley: a culture so uniquely and incorrigibly misogynist, it seems, that it <em>still<\/em>\u00a0intentionally keeps women out, even after law and biology and most\u00a0other white-collar fields\u00a0have achieved or exceeded gender parity, their own &#8220;bro cultures&#8221; notwithstanding. \u00a0The trouble with this\u00a0slander against male\u00a0STEM nerds, besides its fundamental falsity (which Scott Alexander <a href=\"http:\/\/slatestarcodex.com\/2017\/08\/07\/contra-grant-on-exaggerated-differences\/\">documented<\/a>),\u00a0is that puts the male nerds into an impossible position. \u00a0For how can they refute the slander <em>without<\/em> talking about\u00a0other possible explanations for fields like CS\u00a0being 80% male, which is the very thing\u00a0we all know they&#8217;re not supposed\u00a0to talk about?<\/p>\n<p>In Europe, in the Middle Ages, the Church would sometimes enjoy forcing the local Jews into &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disputation#Inter-faith_disputations\">disputations<\/a>&#8221; about whose religion was the true\u00a0one. \u00a0At these events, a popular tactic on the Church&#8217;s side was to make statements\u00a0that the Jews couldn&#8217;t possibly answer\u00a0<i>without blaspheming the name of Christ<\/i>&#8212;which, of course, could lead to the Jews&#8217; expulsion or execution if they dared it.<\/p>\n<p>Maybe I have weird moral intuitions, but it&#8217;s hard for me to imagine a more contemptible act of intellectual treason, than deliberately trapping your opponents between surrender\u00a0and blasphemy. \u00a0I&#8217;d actually rather have someone force me into one or the other, than make me choose, and thereby make me responsible for whichever choice I made. \u00a0So I believe the social-justice left would do well to forswear this trapping tactic forever.<\/p>\n<p>Ironically, I suspect that in the long term, doing so would benefit no\u00a0entity\u00a0more than the social-justice left itself. \u00a0If I had to <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.lesswrong.com\/wiki\/Steel_man\">steelman<\/a>, in one sentence, the argument that in the space of one year propelled the &#8220;alt-right&#8221; from obscurity in dark and hateful corners of the Internet, to the improbable and ghastly ascent of Donald Trump and his white-nationalist brigade\u00a0to the most powerful office\u00a0on earth, the argument would be this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the elites, the technocrats, the\u00a0&#8220;Cathedral&#8221;-dwellers, were willing to lie to the masses about humans being blank slates&#8212;and\u00a0they obviously were&#8212;then why shouldn&#8217;t we assume that they\u00a0also lied to us about healthcare and free trade and guns and climate change and\u00a0everything else?<\/p>\n<p>We progressives deluded ourselves that we\u00a0could permanently shame our\u00a0enemies into silence, on pain of sexism, racism, xenophobia, and other blasphemies. \u00a0But the\u00a0&#8220;victories&#8221; won that way were\u00a0hollow and illusory, and\u00a0the crumbling of the illusion brings us to where we are now: with a vindictive, delusional madman in the White House who has a non-negligible chance\u00a0of starting a nuclear war this week.<\/p>\n<p>The Enlightenment was a specific historical period in 18th-century Europe. \u00a0But the term can also be used much more broadly, to refer to every\u00a0trend in human history that&#8217;s other than horrible. \u00a0Seen that way, the Enlightenment encompasses the scientific revolution, the abolition of slavery, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Better-Angels-Our-Nature-Violence\/dp\/0141034645\">decline<\/a> of all forms of violence, the spread of democracy and literacy, and the liberation of women from domestic drudgery to careers of their own choosing. \u00a0The invention\u00a0of Google, which made the entire world&#8217;s\u00a0knowledge just a search bar\u00a0away, is now also a permanent part of the story of the Enlightenment.<\/p>\n<p>I fantasize\u00a0that, within my lifetime, the Enlightenment will expand\u00a0further to tolerate\u00a0a diversity of cognitive styles&#8212;including people on the Asperger&#8217;s and autism spectrum, with their penchant for speaking uncomfortable truths&#8212;as well as a diversity of natural abilities and inclinations. \u00a0Society might or might not get\u00a0the &#8220;demographically correct&#8221; percentage\u00a0of Ellie Arroways&#8212;Ellie might decide\u00a0to become a doctor or musician rather than an astronomer, and that&#8217;s fine\u00a0too&#8212;but most important, it will nurture\u00a0all the Ellie Arroways that it gets, all the misfits and explorers of every background. \u00a0I wonder whether, while disagreeing on exactly what&#8217;s\u00a0meant by it, all parties to this debate\u00a0could agree\u00a0that <em>diversity<\/em> represents a\u00a0next frontier for the Enlightenment.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Comment Policy:<\/strong> <em>Any<\/em> comment, from any side, that attacks people rather than propositions\u00a0will be deleted. \u00a0I don&#8217;t care if the comment also makes useful\u00a0points: if it contains\u00a0a single ad hominem, it&#8217;s out.<\/p>\n<p>As it happens, I&#8217;m at a quantum supremacy workshop in Bristol, UK right now&#8212;yeah, yeah, I&#8217;m a closet supremacist after all, hur hur&#8212;so I probably won&#8217;t participate in the comments until later.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Unrelated Update: To everyone who keeps asking me about the &#8220;new&#8221; P\u2260NP proof: I&#8217;d again bet $200,000 that the paper won&#8217;t stand, except that the last time I tried that, it didn&#8217;t achieve its purpose, which was to get people to stop asking me about it. So: please stop asking, and if the thing hasn&#8217;t [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[11,42,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nerd-interest","category-obviously-im-not-defending-aaronson","category-the-fate-of-humanity"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3389"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3405,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3389\/revisions\/3405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}