{"id":2707,"date":"2016-05-01T17:22:14","date_gmt":"2016-05-01T21:22:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=2707"},"modified":"2017-01-12T14:38:52","modified_gmt":"2017-01-12T19:38:52","slug":"largely-just-men-doing-sums-my-review-of-the-excellent-ramanujan-film","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/?p=2707","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Largely just men doing sums&#8221;: My review of the excellent Ramanujan film"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>[<em>Warning:<\/em> This movie review contains spoilers, as well as a continued fraction expansion.]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>These days, it takes an\u00a0extraordinary occasion for me and Dana\u00a0to arrange the complicated,\u00a0rocket-launch-like\u00a0babysitting logistics involved in <em>going out for a night at the movies<\/em>. \u00a0One such an occasion was\u00a0an opening-weekend screening of\u00a0<em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/title\/tt0787524\/\">The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/a>&#8212;<\/em>the new movie\u00a0about <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Srinivasa_Ramanujan\">Srinivasa Ramanujan<\/a> and his relationship with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G._H._Hardy\">G. H. Hardy<\/a>&#8212;followed by a Q&amp;A with Matthew Brown\u00a0(who wrote and directed the film), Robert Kanigel (who wrote the biography on which the film\u00a0was based), and Fields Medalist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manjul_Bhargava\">Manjul Bhargava<\/a> (who consulted on the film).<\/p>\n<p>I read Kanigel&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Man-Who-Knew-Infinity-Ramanujan\/dp\/0671750615\"><em>The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/em><\/a>\u00a0in the early nineties; it was a major\u00a0influence on my life. \u00a0There were equations\u00a0in that book to stop a nerdy 13-year-old&#8217;s pulse, like<\/p>\n<p>$$1+9\\left( \\frac{1}{4}\\right) ^{4}+17\\left( \\frac{1\\cdot5}{4\\cdot8}\\right)<br \/>\n^{4}+25\\left( \\frac{1\\cdot5\\cdot9}{4\\cdot8\\cdot12}\\right) ^{4}+\\cdots<br \/>\n=\\frac{2^{3\/2}}{\\pi^{1\/2}\\Gamma\\left( 3\/4\\right) ^{2}}$$<\/p>\n<p>$$\\frac{1}{1+\\frac{e^{-2\\pi}}{1+\\frac{e^{-4\\pi}}{1+\\frac{e^{-6\\pi}}{1+\\cdots}}%<br \/>\n}}=\\left( \\sqrt{\\frac{5+\\sqrt{5}}{2}}-\\frac{\\sqrt{5}+1}{2}\\right)<br \/>\n\\sqrt[5]{e^{2\\pi}}$$<\/p>\n<p>A thousand pages of exposition\u00a0about Ramanujan&#8217;s mysterious self-taught mathematical style, the effect his work\u00a0had on Hardy and Littlewood, his\u00a0impact on the later\u00a0development of analysis, etc., could never\u00a0replace the experience of just <em>staring<\/em>\u00a0at these things!\u00a0 Popularizers are constantly trying to &#8220;explain&#8221; mathematical beauty by comparing it to art, music, or poetry,\u00a0but I can best understand art, music,\u00a0and poetry if I assume other people experience them like the above\u00a0identities. \u00a0Across all the years and cultures and continents, can&#8217;t you\u00a0feel Ramanujan himself leaping off your screen, still trying to\u00a0make you see\u00a0this bizarre aspect of the architecture of reality\u00a0that the goddess Namagiri showed\u00a0him in a dream?<\/p>\n<p>Reading Kanigel&#8217;s book, I\u00a0was also entranced by the culture of early-twentieth-century Cambridge mathematics: the Tripos, Wranglers, High Table. \u00a0I asked, why was I <em>here<\/em> and not <em>there<\/em>? \u00a0And even though\u00a0I was (and remain) at most 1729<sup>-1729<\/sup>\u00a0of a\u00a0Ramanujan, I could strongly identify with his story, because I knew\u00a0that I, too, was about to\u00a0embark\u00a0on the journey from total scientific nobody\u00a0to someone who the experts might\u00a0at least take\u00a0seriously enough to try to prove him\u00a0wrong.<\/p>\n<p>Anyway, a couple years after reading Kanigel&#8217;s biography, I went to the wonderful <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mathcamp.org\/\">Canada\/USA MathCamp<\/a>, and there met <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_K._Guy\">Richard K. Guy<\/a>, who&#8217;d actually <em>known<\/em>\u00a0Hardy. \u00a0I couldn&#8217;t have been more impressed\u00a0had Guy\u00a0visited Platonic heaven and met \u03c0\u00a0and e there. \u00a0To put it mildly, no one in my high school had known G. H. Hardy.<\/p>\n<p>I often fantasized&#8212;this was the nineties&#8212;about writing the screenplay myself for a Ramanujan movie, so that millions of moviegoers could experience the story as I did. \u00a0Incidentally, I also fantasized about writing screenplays for Alan Turing and John Nash\u00a0movies. \u00a0I\u00a0do have a few\u00a0mathematical biopic ideas that <em>haven&#8217;t<\/em> yet been taken, and for which any potential buyers should get in touch with me:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Radical: The Story of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89variste_Galois\">\u00c9variste Galois<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Give Me a\u00a0Place to Stand: Archimedes&#8217;\u00a0Final Days<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Math\u00e9maticienne: Sophie Germain In Her Prime<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>The Prime Power\u00a0of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Ludwig_Mejdell_Sylow\">Ludwig Sylow<br \/>\n<\/a><\/em>(OK, this last\u00a0one\u00a0would be more of a limited-market release)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But enough digressions; how was the Ramanujan movie?<\/p>\n<p>Just as\u00a0Ramanujan himself wasn&#8217;t an infallible oracle (many of his claims, e.g. his formula for the prime counting function, turned out to be wrong), so\u00a0<em>The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/em> isn&#8217;t a perfect movie. \u00a0Even so, there&#8217;s no question that this is one of the best and truest movies ever made about mathematics and mathematicians, if not the best and truest. \u00a0If\u00a0you&#8217;re the kind of person who reads this blog, go see it now. \u00a0Don&#8217;t wait! \u00a0As they\u00a0stressed at the Q&amp;A, the number of tickets sold in the first couple weeks is\u00a0what determines whether or not the movie\u00a0will see a wider release.<\/p>\n<p>More than <em>A Beautiful Mind<\/em> or <em>Good Will Hunting<\/em> or <em>The Imitation Game<\/em>, or the play <i>Proof<\/i>, or the TV series\u00a0<em>NUMB3RS<\/em>, the Ramanujan\u00a0movie seems to me to respect math as a thing-in-itself, rather than just a tool or symbol for something else that interests the director much more. \u00a0The background to the opening credits&#8212;and what better choice\u00a0could there be?&#8212;is just page after page from Ramanujan&#8217;s notebooks. \u00a0Later in the film, there&#8217;s a correct explanation of what the <a href=\"http:\/\/mathworld.wolfram.com\/PartitionFunctionP.html\">partition function<\/a> P(n) is, and of one of Ramanujan&#8217;s and Hardy&#8217;s central achievements, which was to give an asymptotic formula for P(n), namely $$ P(n) \\approx \\frac{e^{\u03c0 \\sqrt{2n\/3}}}{4\\sqrt{3}n}, $$ and to prove the formula&#8217;s correctness.<\/p>\n<p>The film also makes crystal-clear that pure mathematicians do what they do not because of applications to physics or anything else, but simply because they feel\u00a0compelled to: for the devout Ramanujan, math was literally about writing down &#8220;the thoughts of God,&#8221; while for the atheist Hardy, math was a religion-substitute. \u00a0Notably, the movie explores\u00a0the tension between Ramanujan&#8217;s untrained intuition and Hardy&#8217;s demands for rigor in a way that does them\u00a0both justice, resisting\u00a0the Hollywood urge to make intuition 100% victorious and rigor just a stodgy punching bag to be defeated.<\/p>\n<p>For my taste, the movie could&#8217;ve gone even further in the direction of &#8220;letting the math speak&#8221;: for example, it could&#8217;ve explained\u00a0just one of Ramanujan&#8217;s infinite series. \u00a0Audiences might even have <em>liked<\/em> some more\u00a0T&amp;A (theorems and asymptotic bounds).\u00a0 During the Q&amp;A that I attended, I was impressed to see\u00a0moviegoers repeatedly pressing a somewhat-coy Manjul Bhargava to <em>explain Ramanujan&#8217;s actual mathematics<\/em>\u00a0(e.g., what exactly were the discoveries in\u00a0his first letter to Hardy? \u00a0what was in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramanujan%27s_lost_notebook\">Ramanujan&#8217;s\u00a0Lost Notebook<\/a> that turned out to be so important?). \u00a0Then again, this was\u00a0Cambridge, MA, so\u00a0the possibility should\u00a0at least be entertained\u00a0that what I witnessed was\u00a0unrepresentative of American ticket-buyers.<\/p>\n<p>From what I&#8217;ve read, the movie is also true to South Indian dress, music, religion, and culture. \u00a0Yes, the Indian characters speak to each other in English rather than Tamil, but Brown explained that\u00a0as a necessary compromise (not only\u00a0for the audience&#8217;s sake, but also because Dev Patel and the other\u00a0Indian actors didn&#8217;t speak\u00a0Tamil).<\/p>\n<p>Some reviews have mentioned issues with casting and characterization. \u00a0For example, Hardy is portrayed by Jeremy Irons, who&#8217;s superb but also decades\u00a0older than Hardy was at the time he knew Ramanujan. \u00a0Meanwhile Ramanujan&#8217;s wife, Janaki, is played by a fully-grown Devika Bhise; the real Janaki was nine (!) when she married Ramanujan, and fourteen when Ramanujan left for England. \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Edensor_Littlewood\">J. E. Littlewood<\/a> is played as almost a comic-relief buffoon, so much so that it feels incongruous\u00a0when, near the end of the film, Irons-as-Hardy utters the following real-life line:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">I still say to myself when I am depressed and find myself forced to listen to pompous and tiresome people, &#8220;Well, I have done one thing you could never have done, and that is to have collaborated with Littlewood and Ramanujan on something like equal terms.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Finally, a young, mustachioed Bertrand Russell is a recurring\u00a0character. \u00a0Russell and Hardy really\u00a0<em>were<\/em> friends and fellow WWI pacifists, but Hardy seeking out Bertie&#8217;s advice\u00a0about each Ramanujan-related development seems like\u00a0almost certainly just an irresistible plot device.<\/p>\n<p>But none of that matters. \u00a0What bothered me more were the dramatizations of the prejudice\u00a0Ramanujan endured\u00a0in England. \u00a0Ramanujan is shown getting knocked to the ground, punched, and kicked by British soldiers barking\u00a0anti-Indian\u00a0slurs at him; he then\u00a0shows up for his next meeting with Hardy covered in bruises, which Hardy (being aloof) neglects to ask about. \u00a0Ramanujan is also depicted\u00a0getting shoved, screamed at, and told never to return\u00a0by a math professor who he humiliates during a lecture. \u00a0I understand why Brown made these cinematic choices: there&#8217;s no question\u00a0that Ramanujan experienced prejudice and snobbery in Cambridge, and that he often felt lonely and unwelcome there. \u00a0And it&#8217;s surely\u00a0<em>easier<\/em> to show Ramanujan literally getting beaten up by racist bigots, than to depict his alienation from Cambridge society as the subtler matter that it most likely\u00a0was. \u00a0To me, though, that&#8217;s precisely why the latter choice would&#8217;ve been even more impressive, had the film managed\u00a0to pull it off.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, during World War I, the film shows not only Trinity College\u00a0converted into a military hospital, and many promising students marched\u00a0off to their deaths (all true), but also a shell exploding on campus near Ramanujan, after which Ramanujan gazes in horror at\u00a0the bleeding\u00a0dead bodies. \u00a0Like, isn&#8217;t the truth here dramatic enough?<\/p>\n<p>One other thing: the movie leaves you with the impression that Ramanujan died of tuberculosis. \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/531423?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents\">More recent analysis<\/a> concluded that it was probably hepatic amoebiasis that he brought\u00a0with him from India&#8212;something that could&#8217;ve been cured with the medicine of the time, had anyone correctly diagnosed it. \u00a0(Incidentally, the film completely omits Ramanujan&#8217;s final year, back in India, when he suffered a relapse of his illness and slowly withered away, yet with Janaki by his side, continued to do world-class\u00a0research and exchanged letters\u00a0with Hardy until the very\u00a0last days. \u00a0Everyone I read commented that this was &#8220;the right dramatic choice,&#8221; but &#8230; I dunno, I would&#8217;ve shown it!)<\/p>\n<p>But enough! \u00a0I fear that to harp on these defects\u00a0is to hold the film to impossibly-high, Platonic standards, rather than standards that engage with the reality of Hollywood. \u00a0An anecdote that\u00a0Brown related at the end of the Q&amp;A session brought this point home for me. \u00a0Apparently, Brown struggled for an entire decade\u00a0to attract funding for a film\u00a0about\u00a0a turn-of-the-century South Indian mathematician visiting Trinity College, Cambridge, whose work had no commercial or military value\u00a0whatsoever. \u00a0At one point, Brown\u00a0was actually told that he could get the movie\u00a0funded, <em>if he&#8217;d agree to make\u00a0Ramanujan fall in love with a white nurse<\/em>, so that a British starlet who would sell tickets could be cast as his\u00a0love interest. \u00a0One can only imagine what a battle it must have been\u00a0to get a correct explanation of the partition function onto the screen.<\/p>\n<p>In the end, though, nothing made me appreciate <em>The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/em>\u00a0more than reading negative reviews of it, like\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nme.com\/reviews\/various-artists\/16439\">this one by Olly Richards<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Watching someone balancing algorithms or messing about with multivariate polynomials just isn\u2019t conducive to urgently shovelling popcorn into your face. \u00a0Difficult to dislike, given its unwavering affection for its subject, <em>The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/em> is nevertheless hamstrung by the dryness of its subject\u00a0&#8230;\u00a0Sturdy performances and lovely scenery abound, but it\u2019s still largely just men doing sums; important sums as it turns out, but that isn\u2019t conveyed to the audience until the coda [which mentions black holes] tells us of the major scientific advances they aided.<\/p>\n<p>On behalf of mathematics, on behalf of\u00a0my childhood self, I&#8217;m grateful that Brown fought this fight, and that he won as much as he did. \u00a0Whether you walk, run, board a steamship, or take taxi #1729, go see this film.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Addendum:<\/strong> See also <a href=\"http:\/\/www.math.columbia.edu\/~woit\/wordpress\/?p=8427\">this review<\/a> by Peter Woit, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/journals\/notices\/201602\/rnoti-p178.pdf\">this<\/a> in <em>Notices of the AMS<\/em> by Ramanujan expert George Andrews.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Warning: This movie review contains spoilers, as well as a continued fraction expansion.] These days, it takes an\u00a0extraordinary occasion for me and Dana\u00a0to arrange the complicated,\u00a0rocket-launch-like\u00a0babysitting logistics involved in going out for a night at the movies. \u00a0One such an occasion was\u00a0an opening-weekend screening of\u00a0The Man Who Knew Infinity&#8212;the new movie\u00a0about Srinivasa Ramanujan and his [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"advanced_seo_description":"","jetpack_seo_html_title":"","jetpack_seo_noindex":false,"jetpack_seo_schema_type":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"{title}\n\n{excerpt}\n\n{url}","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2707","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nerd-interest"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2707"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2724,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2707\/revisions\/2724"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2707"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2707"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/scottaaronson.blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2707"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}